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16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904 Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. All instructions are in the template file. If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. 36. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. (New York, 2006), 179. 1845. 22. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. 1846. Annexation of independent republic. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. 21. The territorial governor of Alaska, Ernest Gruening, saw it that way, and drafted a book in 1954 entitled Alaska is a Colony (never published, but held in the Ernest Gruening Papers, box 754, folder 316, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Archives and Manuscripts, University of AlaskaFairbanks). See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. stream That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. 29. Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. 47. 24. What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. endobj 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. 1853. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. 9. Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including ",#(7),01444'9=82. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico (William B.) Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. 3. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. Or jump ahead to the 2008 presidential election, which pitted Barack Obama, a Hawaiian (born shortly after Hawaii became a state), against John McCain, a Zonian (i.e., born in the Panama Canal Zone), and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. 19. Relief shown by hachures. endstream Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. The Greater United States (1904), . But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. 1. Nevertheless, the broad point that the continental and extra-continental populations were roughly equal holds under any reasonable accounting. For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. Expansion . The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. Annexation of independent republic. This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. 39. Hi 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. 30. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. At upper left margin: No. Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. - 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. Islands. Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. This was not a freak event. 26. 14. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. 10511898, section 2, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY. 27. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. They hung on classroom walls. I have emphasized the United States overseas colonies, places like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. The question of territory was there from the start. The Greater United States is not my term. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. Surely, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died in the war. Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes 42. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. United States--Foreign relations, - See also Christina Duffy Burnett, The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands, American Quarterly 57 (2005): 779803 and Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge, 2013). That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. - Shattuc, W. B. The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. Also available in digital form. Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . It set the Philippines free. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. 1848. National Wildlife Refuge, Joint occupation with Britain; Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. In 1947, the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Marshall Islands became the most recent U.S. territorial acquisitions, as of August 2021. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. But thats not it. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. Discussion Board 5 12 A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. We destroyed roads, public buildings, and bridges. We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt 5 0 obj The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a Sources and figures (in thousands): South Korea (17,917), the Philippines (18,228), and Japan (76,224): Maddison Project Database, January 2013 update, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, www/ggdc.net/maddison ; Hawaii (815), Alaska (138), Puerto Rico (2,071), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (27): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. (Oxford, 1989). Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. 12. endobj 13. One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. But things are changing quickly. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . 8. Relief shown by hachures. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. 28. United States--Colonial question, - The premier biography of Albizu is Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora , 2nd ed. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. Shattuc, W. B. (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. 40. This was an intellectually transformative event. 1. currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Acquisition may refer to: . Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. Treaty of Paris $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Six thousand American troops participated in the British occupation of Havana in 1762-3, but the island was exchanged for Florida at the peace treaty of 1763. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. 6. Oregon Territory. The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S.